Explaining Iran's Highly Enriched Uranium and Its Role in Nuclear Talks
Understanding Iran's Uranium Enrichment and International Negotiations
By Francois Murphy
VIENNA, May 29 (Reuters) - Iran and the United States are in discussions to extend their ceasefire so as to start negotiations on issues including Tehran's nuclear program, where Washington insists Iran must not be able to make a nuclear weapon.
While much of Iran's uranium enrichment infrastructure was destroyed or badly damaged when Israel and the U.S. bombed it in June, a large part of the highly enriched uranium it amassed is thought to have survived. That is the biggest U.S. concern ahead of nuclear talks.
On Friday Trump said in a social media post that Iran must agree that the enriched uranium buried underground after earlier U.S. strikes be "unearthed" and destroyed in coordination with Iran and the U.N. nuclear watchdog.
What is Highly Enriched Uranium?
One of two fissile materials, along with plutonium, with which one can make the core of a nuclear bomb.
While plutonium is usually extracted from the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, requiring large and highly visible infrastructure, uranium can be enriched using centrifuges that have a much smaller footprint.
Two of Iran's three enrichment sites that are known to have been operating when Israel and the U.S. attacked in June were underground. The above-ground one was clearly destroyed.
Uranium is highly enriched when it has reached 20% purity, and weapons-grade as of around 90%.
Modern reactors generally use fuel enriched to up to 5%, but some use fuel enriched to higher levels. The ones that power U.S. nuclear submarines reportedly use fuel enriched beyond 90%.
Iran's Uranium Stockpile
How Much Does Iran Have?
Iran has not informed the U.N. nuclear watchdog of the fate of its enriched uranium since the June attacks or let its inspectors return to the sites where it was stored.
The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates Iran had these amounts when the first Israeli bombs fell on June 13:
Estimated Enriched Uranium Stock (as of June 13)
- 440.9 kg enriched to up to 60%
- 184.1 kg enriched to up to 20%
- 6,024.4 kg enriched to up to 5%
- 2,391.1 kg enriched to up to 2%
According to an IAEA yardstick, the amount at 60% is enough, if enriched further, for 10 nuclear weapons. The 20% stock would be enough for one and the 5% could produce 12.
How much has survived is unclear. IAEA chief Rafael Grossi has said his agency believes "a bit more than 200 kg" of the 60% stock is stored at a tunnel complex in Isfahan that appears to have been largely unharmed by the June attacks. Some was also at the Natanz nuclear site, he said.
Concerns Over Iran's Enriched Uranium
Why the Concern?
U.S. concern has been focused on the 60% material because that would be easiest and thus quickest to make a bomb with. Washington wants it gone. Iran denies seeking nuclear weapons.
As the enrichment level of uranium increases, it becomes exponentially easier to enrich further. Getting from 60% to 90% is easier than getting from unenriched to 5%.
President Donald Trump pulled the United States out of a nuclear deal between Iran and major powers that kept Tehran at a far greater distance from being able to produce an atom bomb than it is at now. The U.S. withdrawal in 2018 caused the deal to unravel, and Iran quickly expanded its atomic program.
Under that 2015 deal, Iran did not enrich beyond 3.67%.
Even at 90%, however, it takes more steps to produce the core of a bomb. When it is enriched, the uranium is in gas form. It must then be turned into metal for use in a weapon.
Handling and Movement of Enriched Uranium
Can You Move It?
Yes. Iran moved enriched material between sites under IAEA monitoring before the June attacks.
Under the 2015 deal and a precursor to it, Iran's stocks of uranium enriched to up to 20% were diluted or turned into reactor fuel plates and shipped out of the country.
Moving nuclear material like highly enriched uranium internationally is a sensitive but relatively routine procedure.
"It requires some precaution but it can be moved," Grossi told PBS in March when asked about the 60% material.
Future of Iran's Enriched Uranium
Will Iran Give It Up?
Iran's supreme leader has issued a directive that the 60% material should not be sent abroad, two senior Iranian sources said last week.
Iranian sources say Tehran might agree to send half of it to a third country, receiving uranium enriched to 5% in return, and dilute the other half inside Iran.
(Additional reporting by Parisa Hafezi;;Editing by Sanjeev Miglani)
