A capital increase is when a company issues new shares to raise money. Proceeds can fund operations, reduce debt, or support investments. Existing shareholders may be offered rights to buy new shares, which dilutes ownership if they do not participate.

A stake sale is the sale of part of a company’s ownership interest in a subsidiary, joint venture, or asset. It can generate cash, reduce exposure to certain activities, and realign the portfolio without selling the entire business.

An earnings slump refers to a significant decline in a company’s profit compared with prior periods. It often results from weaker prices, higher costs, operational issues, or adverse market conditions and can pressure cash flow and leverage ratios.

Net debt measures a company’s total borrowings minus its cash and cash equivalents. It indicates how much debt would remain if available cash were used to repay obligations. Higher net debt can reduce financial flexibility and increase risk.

An exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in another currency. It determines how much of a foreign currency you receive for a unit of your domestic currency and affects reported revenues, costs, and financial results for international companies.