A public listing is when a private company offers its shares to the general public on a stock exchange. This allows the company to raise capital from investors and provides liquidity for existing shareholders through regulated market trading.

An initial public offering (IPO) is the first sale of a company’s shares to public investors. It typically involves regulatory filings, underwriting by investment banks, and pricing to begin trading on a recognized stock exchange.

A stock exchange listing is the approval for a company’s shares to trade on an exchange such as the NSE, BSE, or others. Listing requires meeting eligibility, disclosure, and ongoing compliance standards set by the exchange and regulators.

Equity represents ownership in a company, typically in the form of shares. Shareholders may benefit from price appreciation and dividends, and they hold residual claims on assets after liabilities are paid in the event of liquidation.

A subsidiary is a company controlled by a parent company, usually through majority share ownership. The subsidiary operates as a separate legal entity, while financial results are consolidated into the parent’s accounts for reporting purposes.