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The euro zone’s fragmented banking industry
Global Banking & Finance Review®
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By Tommy Reggiori Wilkes and Prinz Magtulis
LONDON (Reuters) – Supporters for more consolidation in the euro zone’s banking sector have been watching Spanish lender BBVA’s hostile bid for Sabadell, alongside comments from some supervisors and lawmakers supporting the idea of more tie-ups.
Regulators are keen for more consolidation – both within and across countries – because they believe fewer, stronger lenders will boost the economy and enable euro area banks to compete more effectively with larger, more profitable rivals in the United States and Asia.
Yet big banking takeovers have been rare since the 2008-09 global financial crisis, with most dealmaking forged out of necessity.
Banking industry concentration, as measured by the share of bank assets accounted for by the largest five credit institutions, varies widely across the bloc.
In Greece, Cyprus and the Baltic states, that share ranged between 88% and 95% in 2023, according to data from the European Central Bank analysed by Reuters.
Several of these countries have also seen the biggest increase in concentration in the past decade, as financial crises forced lenders to acquire weaker rivals.
In Spain, where the top five credit institutions’ 69% share of bank assets is close to the euro zone average, the number of banks has fallen to 10 from 55 before the global financial crisis.
Germany, by contrast, has hundreds of banks, according to data from its central bank.
Euro zone banking concentration by country is, on average, higher than in the U.S., where the five biggest banks’ assets share was 50% in 2021, data published by the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis show.
But fragmentation is much higher in some euro zone countries, especially in bigger and richer economies like powerhouses France and Germany, where the top five institutions’ asset share is 45% and 34%, respectively, the ECB data show.
These countries have seen the least consolidation in the last decade, too.
That’s partly because they have avoided the crises that force regulators and lawmakers to dismantle the hurdles usually preventing domestic banking mergers.
Impediments to cross-border deals are even greater and include differing regulations and labour laws, the lack of a euro zone-wide deposit insurance scheme and politics.
Banking executives say that without a Europe-wide banking union, which lawmakers have been trying to achieve for more than a decade, cross-border deals are unlikely.
BBVA’s 12.23 billion euro ($13.12 billion) hostile play for Sabadell would rank as one of the largest European banking deals in the past 15 years.
Elsewhere in Europe recent major mergers have been agreed only during emergencies.
UBS last year bought stricken rival Credit Suisse after the Swiss government orchestrated a shotgun marriage to protect the wider financial system.
($1 = 0.9320 euros)
(Reporting by Tommy Reggiori Wilkes in London; Editing by Aurora Ellis; Graphics by Prinz Magtulis in New York; Additional reporting by Tom Sims in Frankfurt)
Banking consolidation refers to the process where smaller banks merge with larger ones to create fewer, stronger financial institutions, aiming to enhance efficiency and competitiveness.
The euro area consists of European Union countries that have adopted the euro as their official currency, facilitating easier trade and economic stability among member states.
A financial crisis is a situation where financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a significant part of their value, leading to widespread economic instability.
Banking fragmentation refers to a situation where there are many small banks operating in a market, leading to inefficiencies and reduced competitiveness compared to larger institutions.
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