Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on April 17, 2025
4 min readLast updated: January 24, 2026
Add as preferred source on GoogleRussian Arctic oil exports to China rise via STS transfers, bypassing sanctions. China's imports rebound, while India's purchases decline.
By Siyi Liu
SINGAPORE/MOSCOW (Reuters) -Russia’s Arctic oil exports to China are set to rise sharply this month buoyed by a jump in ship-to-ship transfers at sea to ensure tankers pulling into port are not on U.S. sanctions lists, according to traders and data from Vortexa.
The Arctic oil business accounts for a tenth of Russia's seaborne oil exports which were hit with widened U.S. sanctions in January on nearly all tankers carrying crude oil grades such as ARCO and Novy Port and on Russian producer Gazprom Neft.
To evade the curbs, ship-to-ship (STS) transfers of cargoes are taking place in international waters off Singapore and Malaysia where cargoes are loaded on to Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) that are not subject to sanctions before heading for Chinese ports, according to traders and Vortexa senior analyst Emma Li.
At least 4 million barrels of Arctic oil completed STS last week and 16 million more have arrived, or will arrive, in the South China Sea this month, Li estimated.
China's Arctic oil imports are rebounding given ample supply, but the volume eventually discharged will vary depending on logistics hurdles and buying interest from Chinese refiners, she added.
Russian oil exporter Gazprom Neft did not immediately respond to a Reuters' request for comment.
China's imports of Arctic oil from Russia in March averaged 25,000 barrels per day (bpd), according to Vortexa.
China has said it opposes unilateral sanctions, which have been imposed by the United States, EU and others aimed at curbing Russian, Iranian, and Venezuela energy revenue.
Yet STS transfers are being used, according to one trader, because many Chinese buyers want to avoid being linked to tankers subject to such sanctions as they are wary of secondary sanctions and are willing to pay higher prices for these STS cargoes.
For example, the VLCC Atila loaded 2.07 million barrels of ARCO from two sanctioned tankers in March in waters off Singapore and delivered the cargo to China's port of Dongying in eastern Shandong province in April, Kpler data shows.
Atila previously engaged in STS transfers involving Iranian oil.
Arctic grades - ARCO, Novy Port, and Varandey - are produced in Russia's northern regions, where harsh winter weather affects production and oil projects require huge investment.
These grades are typically shipped from oilfields to floating storage in Murmansk and then shipped to end-users, making it difficult to track exports of each grade.
These shipments currently take two months to reach China as tankers are travelling via the Suez Canal, with the STS adding to shipping costs. The shorter North Sea Route (NSR) to China is closed until July.
"It's a very long and expensive route," one trader said. "The only idea is to evacuate barrels."
Light Arctic oil is offered at discounts to benchmark Brent prices, down from premiums previously, the traders said.
Not all the Arctic oil cargoes are set to find a home soon as some of them are being stored on ships, traders said.
For instance, tanker Fast Kathy loaded Arctic oil in Murmansk on March 14 and has been floating off Port Said in Egypt since April 9, LSEG data showed.
India, previously the top buyer of Arctic oil, has cut purchases due to sanctions, traders said. Arctic oil going to India is mostly Varandey supplied by Litasco, the trading arm of Russia's Lukoil, they added.
Lukoil did not immediately respond to a Reuters' request for comment.
This month, Indian authorities barred a tanker from conducted an STS operation off the port of Mumbai involving a cargo of Russian crude.
Other Arctic oil buyers include Syria, which received its first shipments earlier this year, and Myanmar.
(Reporting by Siyi Liu in Singapore and reporters in Moscow; editing by Florence Tan, Clarence Fernandez and Jason Neely)
The article discusses the increase in Russian Arctic oil exports to China, facilitated by ship-to-ship transfers to avoid sanctions.
Sanctions are avoided through ship-to-ship transfers in international waters, transferring oil to non-sanctioned tankers.
The main countries involved are Russia, China, and previously India, with mentions of Syria and Myanmar as buyers.
Explore more articles in the Headlines category
