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Trump trade upheaval leaves foreign central banks guessing
Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on March 20, 2025
5 min readLast updated: January 24, 2026
Global Banking & Finance Review®
Company
Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on March 20, 2025
5 min readLast updated: January 24, 2026
Trump's trade policies are causing uncertainty for global central banks, with potential stagflation and recession risks looming.
By Howard Schneider, Mark John and Karin Strohecker
WASHINGTON/LONDON (Reuters) - Slowing economic growth mixed with a bout of renewed inflation risks moving the U.S. from global overachiever to a drag on the rest of the world as foreign central banks and others confront the spillovers from President Donald Trump's fast-moving effort to rewire international trade.
With analysts in the U.S. noting the stagflationary direction of the U.S. outlook - weaker output and higher prices - central banks globally are parsing what the fallout may mean for them.
When the Bank of England held its policy rate steady on Thursday it pointed specifically to Trump's tariff moves as clouding the global outlook. "Other geopolitical uncertainties have also increased and indicators of financial market volatility have risen globally," it said in a statement.
Similar warnings came from the Bank of Japan, which held its policy rate steady and signaled future moves could be shaped by how Trump's plan to blanket the world with new tariffs plays out in practice.
European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde said on Thursday that U.S. tariff measures and likely European Union retaliation would be a blow to growth and tack perhaps half a percentage point onto inflation in the short-run at least. Swiss National Bank governing board member Petra Tschudin said as the SNB cut its policy rate that "developments abroad continue to represent the main risk" in an economic climate that "has become considerably more uncertain."
Sweden's Riksbank held rates steady citing an "intact" local outlook, but still called recent global developments "dramatic."
'UNDENIABLY GROWTH NEGATIVE'
The International Monetary Fund, which meets next month in Washington for the first time since Trump's inauguration, had previously warned of the blow a trade war could deal across the global economy. Economists see a likely recession in Canada and Mexico, which depend mightily on exports to the U.S. and have been particularly targeted by Trump, while shifts in global currency and capital flows and U.S. foreign spending are already creating sets of winners and losers.
"The proliferation of tariffs and related uncertainties raise the risk of a global hard landing. Measures of trade policy-related uncertainty have continued to soar to unprecedented heights while business surveys... now also show a loss of global growth momentum," said Ken Wattret, global economist at S&P Global Market Intelligence.
Trump has said he will follow through next month on twice-delayed plans to impose 25% levies on goods from Mexico and Canada despite a regional trade agreement negotiated in his first term, and announce a tariff "number" for other countries based on taxes they impose on U.S. goods. He has already boosted tariffs on goods coming from China and on steel and aluminum.
"Tariffs are undeniably growth negative for the global economy," said Jeffrey Schultz, head of CEEMEA economics, BNP Paribas Markets 360. Worries about stagflation in the U.S. are likely to lead to the Federal Reserve delaying rate cuts, tighter global financial conditions and "critically, a negative uncertainty shock - and I don't think any of that is particularly good news for emerging markets."
In new projections this week, Fed officials said they expect slower growth and higher inflation in the year ahead, with risks tilted to the upside, but perhaps more significantly feel the economic horizon is so obscured that the outlook for monetary policy has become a shrug of the shoulders.
"What would you write down?" when making projections in this environment, Fed Chair Jerome Powell said after the Fed held interest rates steady on Wednesday but still projected two quarter-percentage-point cuts by year end.
That was the same view as in December despite policymakers' outlook for rising inflation, but Powell said this round of rate projections involved "frankly, a little bit of inertia" against making any change given "unusually elevated" uncertainty.
"I mean it's just... really hard to know how this is going to work out," he said.
'STAGFLATIONARY DIRECTION'
That same sort of default setting may have appeared in the Fed's growth projections, which showed growth slowing roughly to the Fed's estimated long-run trend of 1.8% and staying there through 2027 - an outcome counter to Trump's promise of a "golden age" to make up for the immediate disruption his policies are beginning to cause.
If realized, it would end what has been known as a period of U.S. "exceptionalism" following the COVID-19 pandemic.
The country skirted the Depression-style crash some feared from the health crisis, using extensive government support to keep businesses and families whole, then was able to largely tame a bout of high inflation without the recession and widespread joblessness some felt would be needed - a surprising show of resilience.
Growth has been steadily above estimates of potential, boosted by a jump in productivity that Fed officials and analysts have cheered even as they caution there's no guarantee it will continue.
The Fed's new projections show all that coming back down to earth, with new risks to what had seemed a path for the central bank to return inflation to 2% without paying much of a price in terms of lost growth or jobs.
Now that outlook has been "revised in a stagflationary direction," JP Morgan Economist Michael Feroli said after the Fed's meeting. "The statement, the (Summary of Economic Projections), the press conference, were all haunted by the specter of tariffs."
(Reporting by Howard Schneider; Editing by Dan Burns and Andrea Ricci)
The article discusses the impact of Trump's trade policies on global central banks and economic growth.
Central banks are holding rates steady and expressing concerns over the uncertainty caused by U.S. tariffs.
There are risks of stagflation, recession in Canada and Mexico, and increased global financial volatility.
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