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Damage to Iranian nuclear sites so far appears limited, experts say
Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on June 13, 2025
4 min readLast updated: January 23, 2026
Global Banking & Finance Review®
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Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on June 13, 2025
4 min readLast updated: January 23, 2026
Israeli air strikes on Iran's nuclear sites caused limited damage, targeting military leaders and scientists. Natanz facility was moderately affected.
By David Brunnstrom and Michael Martina
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -The damage to Iran's nuclear facilities from Israel's initial wave of air strikes early on Friday appeared to be limited, experts who have reviewed commercially available satellite imagery said.
Israel's attacks succeeded in killing Iranian military leaders and nuclear scientists and in striking military command and control facilities and air defenses, but satellite imagery did not yet show significant damage to nuclear infrastructure, several experts said.
"The first day was aimed at things that you would get through surprise - killing leadership, going after nuclear scientists, air defense systems, the ability to retaliate," said nuclear expert David Albright at the Institute for Science and International Security.
"We can't see any visible damage at Fordow or Isfahan. There was damage at Natanz," said Albright, referring to Iranian nuclear sites. But "there's no evidence that the underground site was destroyed."
U.N. nuclear watchdog chief Rafael Grossi told the Security Council on Friday that the above-ground pilot enrichment plant at Iran's Natanz nuclear site had been destroyed and Iran had reported attacks on Fordow and Isfahan.
The sprawling Natanz nuclear complex is Iran's main uranium enrichment facility. It has both an underground enrichment plant and an above-ground operation.
Two regional sources said at least 20 Iranian military commanders were killed in the attack, a stunning decapitation reminiscent of Israeli attacks that swiftly wiped out the leadership of Lebanon's once-feared Hezbollah militia last year. Iran also said six of its top nuclear scientists were killed.
Albright said his analysis was based on the latest available images from about 11:20 a.m. Tehran time (0750 GMT). He added there may also have been drone strikes on tunnels to underground centrifuge plants and cyber attacks that did not leave visible traces.
"In terms of visible damage, we don't see much and we'll see what happens tonight," he said, adding that he believes Israel's strikes were still in an early stage.
Albright said the status of Iran's stocks of enriched uranium was not known and that it was possible Israel had avoided major attacks on nuclear sites due to concerns about harming international inspectors who were there.
ISRAEL WARNS OF PROLONGED OPERATION
Israel said it targeted Iran's nuclear facilities, ballistic missile factories and military commanders at the start of what would be a prolonged operation to prevent Tehran from building an atomic weapon.
Military and nuclear experts said that even with massive firepower, military action would probably only temporarily set back a program the West fears is already aimed at producing atom bombs one day, although Iran denies it.
Jeffrey Lewis, a non-proliferation expert at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, said damage at the Natanz facility appeared "moderate."
"Israel destroyed the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant, as well as some support buildings associated with power supply," he said. Lewis added Israel also hit a support building - possibly for power supply - near two underground nuclear enrichment facilities.
"The underground enrichment halls, as well as the large underground facility nearby in the mountains, do not appear damaged."
It was unclear what damage was sustained at the key Fordow nuclear facility, which could be used to develop nuclear weapons and is buried deep underground.
"It has always been the conventional wisdom that Israel may not have the ordnance to destroy Fordow without American military support," Mark Dubowitz, head of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies think tank, told a podcast.
The United States is better equipped than Israel to destroy such targets with its most powerful bunker buster bombs, the 30,000-pound (14,000 kg) Massive Ordnance Penetrator.
If Iran decides not to negotiate a nuclear deal, the U.S. could use its B2 bombers and those bombs to destroy Fordow, Dubowitz said.
Decker Eveleth, a strategic analyst with the CAN Corp research group, said the overall aim of Israel's campaign was still unclear.
"They may be successful at dismantling Iranian command and control, destroying air forces (and) hitting a variety of targets related to the Iranian missile program," he said.
"(But) if their core objective is prevention of a nuclear breakout, can they destroy enough of Iran's nuclear infrastructure to actually prevent that from happening?"
(Reporting by David Brunnstrom and Michael Martina; Editing by Don Durfee and Cynthia Osterman)
The damage to Iran's nuclear facilities appeared to be limited, with no visible damage at key sites like Fordow or Isfahan, although some damage was reported at Natanz.
Experts indicated that while the strikes killed military leaders and targeted command facilities, the overall visible damage to nuclear sites was minimal and may only temporarily set back Iran's nuclear program.
Military and nuclear experts believe that despite the attacks, Israel's actions may only provide a temporary setback to Iran's nuclear ambitions, which are perceived as aimed at developing atomic weapons.
The air strikes targeted Iran's nuclear facilities, ballistic missile factories, and military commanders, with a focus on the Natanz nuclear complex.
Experts expressed concerns that Israel may not have the capability to completely destroy key underground sites like Fordow without U.S. military support, which could be necessary for more effective strikes.
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