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Bow failure caused 1994 Estonia ferry disaster, final report shows
Published by Global Banking and Finance Review
Posted on December 16, 2025
2 min readLast updated: January 20, 2026
Global Banking and Finance Review
Company
Published by Global Banking and Finance Review
Posted on December 16, 2025
2 min readLast updated: January 20, 2026
The 1994 Estonia ferry disaster was caused by bow failure, not an explosion or collision, as confirmed by a final report.
STOCKHOLM, Dec 16 (Reuters) - The sinking of the Estonia ferry in 1994 was caused by the failure of its bow section, not an explosion or collision as claimed by some, authorities said on Tuesday in a report aimed at finally closing the case on Europe's worst civil maritime disaster since World War Two.
"The MV Estonia sank as a result of the collapse of its bow construction," Estonian, Swedish and Finnish investigators said. "There is, therefore, no reason to start a new full-scale... investigation of the accident."
On the night of September 28, 1994, the roll-on, roll-off ferry sank in the Baltic Sea during a storm, claiming the lives of 852 people.
An official investigation in 1997 concluded that the ferry's bow shield had failed, causing rapid flooding and sending the vessel to the bottom.
But alternative theories have continued to flourish and in 2020, video from a television documentary showed hitherto unseen holes in the ship's hull, prompting authorities to take a new look at the wreck.
The report, which was based on six separate examinations of the wreck site, interviews with survivors, modelling and technical analysis, concluded that the damage to the hull was caused by rocks on the sea bottom.
"The inspections do not reveal any signs that the MV Estonia collided with any other vessel or object during its voyage," the investigators said. "Nor are there any signs that an explosion occurred on the ship."
A preliminary report in 2023 blamed rocks for the holes in the hull. It also concluded that the ferry was not seaworthy at the time of its final voyage.
(Reporting by Simon JohnsonEditing by Niklas Pollard and Gareth Jones)
A maritime disaster refers to a significant incident involving ships or vessels that results in loss of life, environmental damage, or financial loss, often leading to investigations and regulatory changes.
Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling threats to an organization's capital and earnings, including financial, operational, and reputational risks.
An investigation report is a document that outlines the findings of an inquiry into an incident, detailing evidence, conclusions, and recommendations for future actions.
Insurance is a financial arrangement that provides protection against financial loss or risk, where an individual or entity pays a premium to receive compensation in case of specified events.
A financial crisis is a situation where the value of financial institutions or assets drops significantly, leading to widespread economic instability and loss of confidence in the financial system.
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