Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on January 10, 2025
5 min readLast updated: January 27, 2026
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NATO is considering raising its defence spending target beyond the current 2% of GDP, influenced by Trump's proposal and geopolitical tensions.
By Andrew Gray and Lili Bayer
BRUSSELS (Reuters) - NATO won't heed Donald Trump’s proposal for a massive hike in defence spending but will likely agree to go beyond its current target, according to officials and analysts.
The U.S. president-elect declared on Tuesday members of the military alliance should spend 5% of gross domestic product (GDP) on defence – a huge increase from the current 2% goal and a level that no NATO country, including the United States, currently reaches.
Trump’s comments – at a press conference that also generated a blizzard of headlines on Greenland, Canada and Panama – were a reminder of his focus on NATO spending during his first term and his threats not to protect allies that fail to meet the target.
Officials from NATO countries said they agreed defence spending needs to rise further but did not endorse the 5% figure, which analysts said would be politically and economically impossible for almost all members. It would require hundreds of billions of dollars in extra funding.
However, a new target is likely to be agreed at a NATO summit in The Hague in June, spurred by fears that Russia may attack a NATO country after Ukraine and by Trump’s exhortations, officials said.
The key open questions are what that new target will be and whether it will be enough to satisfy Trump.
Some expect NATO's 32 members to agree, after much wrangling, to a target of around 3% of GDP. But even that would be a stretch for many, who barely meet or fall short of the 2% goal now – a decade after it was set.
"It seems there will be a shift," Italian Defence Minister Guido Crosetto told Reuters. "I don't think it will be 5%, which would be impossible for almost every nation in the world right now but... it will not be two (percent), which we are already struggling to reach, but it will be more than two."
Italy, with defence spending at around 1.5% of GDP, is among eight NATO members that do not meet the current target.
Poland, which borders Ukraine, is the NATO member that spends the highest share of GDP on defence – 4.12% last year, alliance estimates show. It is followed by Estonia with 3.43% and the United States with 3.38%.
NATO estimated the combined defence spending of its members at $1.474 trillion in 2024 - around $968 billion from the United States and $507 billion from European nations and Canada. The overall average is about 2.71% of NATO GDP.
Some officials and analysts see Trump's 5% suggestion as a deliberately high opening bid to kick off months of negotiations and expect he may settle for something closer to 3%.
During last year's U.S. presidential election campaign, Trump proposed a 3% target, adding this would mean a defence budget increase of about 30% for most NATO countries.
SPENDING SURGE
Shocked by Russia's war in Ukraine, many European countries have ramped up defence spending in recent years.
But with public finances tight, and defence spending not politically popular in some countries, it would not be easy for governments to find the extra billions that even a move to spend 3% of GDP on defence would entail.
While Trump has likened NATO defence spending to alliance membership fees, they reflect budgets set by national governments.
Fenella McGerty, a defence economics expert at the International Institute for Strategic Studies think tank, said recent increases had been "remarkable" but it takes years for countries to start reaching new targets.
"Even if Europe were to continue that rate of quite extraordinary growth - in excess of 10% in real terms in 2024 - it would still take another 10 years to even get to 3% of GDP," she said.
However, many European governments say the continent should do more to defend itself and rely less on the United States.
France and the Baltic states are pushing for joint European Union borrowing to fund defence spending. The outcome of that debate may depend on next month's national election in Germany, which has so far opposed the idea.
To become more self-reliant, the European allies need to spend more to develop capabilities that the U.S. currently provides such as air-to-air refuelling, heavy-duty military air transport and electronic warfare, said Camille Grand, who previously served as NATO's top official for defence investment.
"All of these things cost a lot of money. Some of them are big-ticket items," said Grand, now with the European Council on Foreign Relations think tank.
The current security environment suggests European countries should be spending about 3% of GDP on defence, she said.
Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann, chair of the European Parliament's defence subcommittee, said Europe must ramp up spending but not fixate on an arbitrary figure.
"We need to mobilise a lot more money, but we shouldn't let Trump drive us crazy," she said.
(Additional reporting by Angelo Amante in Rome, Isabelle Yr Carlsson in Copenhagen and John Irish in Paris; Editing by Gareth Jones)
The article discusses NATO's consideration of raising its defence spending target in response to Trump's proposal and geopolitical tensions.
Trump proposed that NATO members spend 5% of their GDP on defence, up from the current 2% target.
NATO is considering a new target due to geopolitical tensions, particularly Russia's actions in Ukraine, and pressure from Trump.
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