Exclusive-Ukraine's F-16 jets were starved of US-made missiles for weeks

Ukraine's F-16 Jets Left Without US Missiles Amid Russian Attacks

Ukraine's Air Defense Vulnerabilities and International Support

By Tom Balmforth

KYIV, March 5 (Reuters) - Ukraine's F-16 fighter jets didn't have enough missiles to shoot down Russian drones and missiles for more than three weeks after supplies from Kyiv's partners dried up just as Moscow was preparing a massive winter air campaign, three sources said.

The acute shortage from late November to mid-December, which has not been previously reported, lays bare the vulnerability of Ukraine's air defences which rely heavily on Western allies for missiles and defence systems to repel frequent Russian strikes.

Kyiv has often complained about a lack of weapons since the full-scale war began more than four years ago, sounding the alarm over critical shortages in recent months while seeking not to anger U.S. President Donald Trump's administration.

The need for Western arms is unlikely to diminish any time soon, with no end to the Ukraine conflict in sight, and with the war against Iran raging, competition to secure defensive weapons in the Middle East and beyond is likely to intensify.

Missile Shortages and Their Impact

The three sources, all with direct knowledge of the situation, said Ukraine only had a handful of U.S.-made AIM-9 "Sidewinder" air-to-air missiles for its entire squadron of F-16s when supplies stopped.

Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians have survived the worst of a bitter winter without heating, electricity and running water as a result of an intensifying Russian onslaught on the energy system that Ukraine has been unable to completely repel.

Despite Ukraine's vocal lobbying, concrete examples of how shortages affect its defence capabilities are normally kept secret. In this case, one of the sources told Reuters that Ukraine had nothing to put on its jets for almost a month.

All three sources asked not to be named to describe sensitive battlefield vulnerabilities caused by interruptions to weapons flows.

Reuters could not establish the cause of the shortages, nor whether the delays were down to U.S. or European foot dragging. The first source said Ukraine's foreign partners had told Kyiv they had no available stocks, without specifying which partners.

International Responses and Statements

In response to a request for White House comment, a U.S. official said Washington was committed to stopping the war and supported Ukraine by selling U.S. weapons through NATO. The official said Trump's administration had made "tremendous progress" towards a peace deal between Ukraine and Russia.

The U.S. Department of Defense, Ukraine's Air Force and the Ukrainian presidency did not respond to questions.

Rotary Cannons and Missile Reliability

Alternative Tactics During Shortages

ROTARY CANNONS AND DUDS

During the shortage, F-16 pilots flew daytime sorties and tried to hit drones with rotary cannons, a second source said, adding that it was too dangerous to conduct such missions in the dark even though Russian drone attacks usually happen at night.

Pilots also tried using missiles that had failed to fire on earlier missions in the hope they would work after maintenance, the source said. In some cases they were successful.

Dependence on Older Missiles

Ukraine's F-16 pilots have relied heavily on variants of AIM-9 missiles known as Limas and Mikes that were produced in the 1970s and 1980s, the sources said.

Though decades old, those missiles have provided Ukraine with a relatively cheap way to intercept Russian drones and cruise missiles, the three people said.

Resupply and International Contributions

The shortfall was plugged in December when Ukraine received AIM-9 air-to-air missiles from partners, the three sources said, shortly before a major Russian attack. They declined to name the country or countries behind the delivery, citing secrecy.

Reuters could not determine the impact of the temporary missile shortfall. The first source said it had not coincided with the largest Russian attacks of the winter.

A fourth source, who also declined to be named, said NATO members Germany and Canada had supplied Sidewinder missiles in recent months and confirmed there had been a "bit of a dip" in supplies before, although they declined to say why.

Germany's defence ministry declined to comment on specific deliveries or weapons for security reasons. Germany has been one of Ukraine's biggest military and financial backers since 2022.

Canada's Department of National Defence told Reuters it was in the process of donating AIM-9M-8 missiles from Canadian Armed Forces stocks. "This new donation will complement the past donation of hundreds of Canadian AIM missiles and related components that are being used by Ukraine for its air defence."

US and NATO Arms Supply Mechanisms

Changes in US Policy

Trump introduced a system for supplying U.S. weapons to Ukraine, replacing direct military aid sent under his predecessor Joe Biden.

Under the so-called PURL (Prioritised Ukraine Requirements List) mechanism, the United States sells weapons to NATO allies for delivery to Ukraine.

NATO's Role in Missile Supplies

Asked to comment, a NATO official said PURL was providing crucial U.S. material and, since summer, had supplied about 75% of all missiles for Ukraine's Patriot air defence batteries and 90% of ammunition for other air defence systems.

Russia's Fiercest Winter Air Campaign

Ongoing Challenges for Ukraine

RUSSIA'S FIERCEST WINTER AIR CAMPAIGN

Nevertheless, Ukraine still faces a challenge to secure enough missiles for its sprawling air defence network.

Russia fires several hundred attack drones and missiles during its large attacks, and Ukraine tries to down them with gunfire from trucks, electronic jamming, interceptor drones, as well as air-to-air and ground-to-air missiles.

President Volodymyr Zelenskiy issued an urgent plea about the shortage of ammunition in January, especially for the U.S.-made Patriot system that Ukraine relies on to shoot down Russia's Iskander ballistic missiles.

F-16s, which were supplied by Kyiv's European partners in 2024, are part of the airborne component of Ukraine's air defence network, along with helicopters and other warplanes.

F-16s have intercepted 2,000 drones and mi