Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on October 10, 2025
3 min readLast updated: January 21, 2026
Add as preferred source on GoogleThe ECB warns that a digital euro could lead to a €700 billion bank deposit drain, impacting euro zone banks' liquidity. The study explores different scenarios and holding limits.
FRANKFURT (Reuters) -A digital euro could drain up to 700 billion euros ($810.88 billion) in deposits during a run on commercial banks, pushing around a dozen euro zone lenders into a liquidity squeeze, a European Central Bank simulation showed on Friday.
The study, requested by European legislators, was aimed at evaluating the risks that a digital currency, essentially an electronic wallet guaranteed by the ECB, would pose to the banking sector under different scenarios, including a hypothetical "flight to safety".
The ECB has presented the digital currency as an alternative to U.S.-dominated means of payment, but bankers and some lawmakers fear it may empty banks' coffers.
The ECB's study found that, were there to be an unprecedented run on commercial banks, depositors would withdraw 699 billion euros from euro zone banks to park them in digital euros if a limit on individual holdings was set at 3,000 euros each.
This is equal to 8.2% of all retail sight deposits, although the impact would be greater for small market lenders and retail banks, the ECB said.
Under this scenario, which the ECB described as highly unlikely, 13 of the 2,025 banks in the analysis would deplete their mandatory cash buffer, as measured by the Liquidity Coverage Ratio.
These figures may be an overestimation as they don't consider the fact that some depositors have more than one bank account, the ECB said.
Under the ECB's "business as usual scenario", in which depositors don't make full use of their digital euro allowance, just over 100 billion euros would flee banks' coffers, leaving the sector well within liquidity requirements, the study found.
And even this outflow could be more than offset by an ongoing trend out of cash and into electronic means of payment, which should add to banks' deposits, the ECB added.
The ECB also simulated individual holding limits of 500 euros, 1,000 euros and 2,000 euros, obtaining lower outflow estimates.
"The analysis confirms that holding limits effectively restrict deposit outflows from the banking sector to levels that safeguard the stability of the financial system and support the correct formulation and implementation of monetary policy," the ECB said.
It also found that a 3,000 euro holding limit would reduce banks' return on equity by an average 30 basis points, although the impact differs country by country.
EU finance ministers agreed last month a roadmap for launching the digital euro but retained a say on its eventual introduction and on the holding limit.
($1 = 0.8633 euros)
(Reporting by Francesco CanepaEditing by Frances Kerry)
Liquidity refers to the availability of liquid assets to a bank, enabling it to meet short-term obligations without incurring significant losses.
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and is responsible for monetary policy within the Eurozone, aiming to maintain price stability.
A bank run occurs when a large number of customers withdraw their deposits simultaneously due to concerns about the bank's solvency, potentially leading to a liquidity crisis.
The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) is a regulatory standard requiring banks to hold a certain amount of liquid assets to cover short-term obligations.
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