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Factbox-Russia's suspected 'hybrid war' puts European air defences to the test
Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on November 5, 2025
4 min readLast updated: January 21, 2026
Global Banking & Finance Review®
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Published by Global Banking & Finance Review®
Posted on November 5, 2025
4 min readLast updated: January 21, 2026
Russia's suspected hybrid warfare is testing European air defenses with increased drone incursions and airspace violations across NATO countries.
BRUSSELS (Reuters) -Russia's drone incursions and airspace violation of European NATO countries has increased since September, when more than 20 Russian drones entered Polish airspace and three Russian military jets violated Estonia's airspace for 12 minutes.
Since then, many drone flights, the origin of which are mostly unknown, have disrupted airspace operations in Europe.
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has called the incursions "hybrid warfare", and while she has not said Russia was responsible for all the incidents, she said it was clear Russia's aim was to "sow division" in Europe.
Below are some of the biggest airspace violations and drone sightings reported so far this year:
BELGIUM
The Brussels and Liege airports were closed on Tuesday evening after drones were spotted, diverting many incoming planes and preventing others from taking off. The Brussels airport reopened Wednesday morning though some flights were cancelled and others delayed.
Belgian Defence Minister Theo Francken said on Sunday that police was investigating drone sightings over the Kleine Brogel air base in north-east Belgium.
The country opened an investigation last week after two drone sightings over a military base in the country's south-east, and another inquiry last month after several drones were spotted flying over a military base at Elsenborn, on the German border.
CZECH REPUBLIC
The Czech army said on September 10 it was detecting an increasing number of unidentified drones flying over its military facilities, according to the Institute for the Study of War research group.
DENMARK
Drones disrupted air traffic at six Danish airports in September, including in Copenhagen, the Nordic region's busiest airport, in what Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen called a hybrid attack on her nation.
ESTONIA
Three Russian military jets violated NATO member Estonia's airspace for 12 minutes on September 19, before NATO Italian fighter jets escorted them out.
GERMANY
The Berlin and Bremen airports briefly closed on the weekend after two separate drone sightings, local media reported.
Drones were spotted at airports and military installations across Germany earlier in October, Bild newspaper quoted a confidential police report as saying, suggesting sightings at Munich Airport on October 3 were the tip of the iceberg.
The interior ministry of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein said on September 26 that drones had been sighted overnight and they were being investigated for possible espionage and sabotage.
LITHUANIA
NATO member Lithuania closed Vilnius Airport and Belarus border crossings on October 28, after several objects, identified as likely helium balloons, entered its airspace, the National Crisis Management Centre said, the fourth such incident in a week.
The country said on October 23 that two Russian military aircraft had entered its airspace for about 18 seconds, prompting a formal protest and a reaction from NATO forces, while Russia denied the incident.
NORWAY
Norway's Oslo Airport temporarily paused one or several landings early on October 6 after a report of a drone sighting near the airport, its operator Avinor said.
POLAND
Polish MiG-29 fighter aircraft intercepted a Russian reconnaissance plane over the Baltic Sea on October 30, Polish Defence Minister Wladyslaw Kosiniak-Kamysz said.
The country's army said that its jets had intercepted a Russian aircraft flying a reconnaissance mission in international airspace over the Baltic Sea on October 28.
Some 20 Russian drones entered the country's airspace on the night of September 9-10. NATO deployed F-35 and F-16 fighter jets, helicopters and a Patriot air defence system to respond to the incursion.
ROMANIA
Romania scrambled fighter jets on September 13, when a drone breached the country's airspace during a Russian attack on Ukrainian infrastructure near the border, the defence ministry said.
SPAIN
Flight operations at Palma de Mallorca Airport were temporarily suspended on October 20 following drone sightings, according to the ISW.
(Reporting by Alessandro Parodi, editing by Inti Landauro and Michael Perry)
Hybrid warfare refers to a strategy that blends conventional military tactics with irregular tactics, such as cyber attacks and disinformation, to achieve strategic objectives.
Airspace violation occurs when an aircraft enters the airspace of a country without permission, potentially leading to diplomatic tensions or military responses.
Drone technology involves the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can be remotely controlled or autonomously operated for various purposes, including surveillance and reconnaissance.
NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance of countries from North America and Europe, established for mutual defense against aggression.
Military airspace is designated airspace reserved for military operations, where civilian aircraft are restricted or prohibited from flying without authorization.
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