Sanctions are penalties imposed by countries or international organizations on individuals, groups, or nations to influence behavior, often in response to violations of international law or human rights.

Foreign exchange, or forex, refers to the global marketplace for trading national currencies against one another, which is essential for international trade and investment.

Financial markets are platforms where buyers and sellers engage in trading financial assets such as stocks, bonds, currencies, and derivatives, facilitating capital flow and investment.

A shadow fleet refers to a group of vessels that operate outside of regulatory oversight, often used to transport goods like oil in violation of sanctions or trade restrictions.