Headlines
Analysis-Crisis-prone France sinks deeper into debt quagmire
Published by Global Banking and Finance Review
Posted on September 8, 2025
4 min readLast updated: January 22, 2026
Global Banking and Finance Review
Company
Published by Global Banking and Finance Review
Posted on September 8, 2025
4 min readLast updated: January 22, 2026
France's debt crisis worsens as political instability and economic challenges hinder fiscal consolidation efforts.
By Leigh Thomas and Yoruk Bahceli
PARIS/LONDON (Reuters) -The collapse of France's latest government leaves the euro zone's second-biggest economy lurching deeper into a morass of feeble growth, high borrowing costs and a debt burden becoming one of Europe's heftiest.
Lawmakers' rejection of Prime Minister Francois Bayrou's government in a no-confidence vote on Monday crushed any hope of making serious headway next year on France's budget deficit - the biggest in the euro zone.
Opposition parties toppled the veteran centrist over his plans for a 44 billion euro ($52 billion) budget squeeze that will now inevitably be heavily watered down by whomever President Emmanuel Macron taps as his successor.
"There is no upside scenario, there is no way out, there is no credible scenario where you end up with the same amount of fiscal consolidation," said Frederik Ducrozet, head of macroeconomic research at Pictet Wealth Management.
Finance Minister Eric Lombard has acknowledged the next government, which must draft a 2026 budget by October 7, would be less ambitious than Bayrou, a longtime debt hawk.
Bayrou's successor is also likely to rely more heavily on taxes than spending cuts to reduce the budget deficit with the Socialists - from whose ranks the next prime minister could come - calling for a 15 billion euro tax hike on the ultra-wealthy.
But financial markets may frown on tax increases, especially broader measures, fearful they may choke off growth - already a worry in Britain.
"What we're increasingly seeing is a reluctance of market participants to buy the taxation route as a viable way to reduce big fiscal deficits," said Russel Matthews, portfolio manager at RBC BlueBay Asset Management, which is betting against French bonds.
"It's just becoming less credible," he said.
DEBT TRAP
Macron is not currently signalling plans to call a snap legislative election, and polls indicate doing so would not necessarily give a majority to any one party and break the deadlock.
With France's politics in chaos and its public finances adrift, households and businesses are already hesitant to spend or invest.
"Retail customers are like companies. The more visibility you have, the more you are able to invest and spend money for the future," automaker Renault's Chief Growth Officer Fabrice Cambolive told Reuters.
Slow growth is particularly problematic for a high-debt country like France, because it cannot simply count on growing its way out from under its debt burden, which reached 3.3 trillion euros in June or 114% of GDP.
That's lower than Greece's 153% or Italy's 138%. But, unlike France, both countries run considerable budget surpluses before taking interest payments into account.
French debt payments are set to reach more than 100 billion euros by 2029 - up from 59 billion in 2024 - becoming the single biggest budget expense if growth slows or deficit reduction is relaxed, the Cour des Comptes audit office warned earlier this year.
Meanwhile, Germany's plans to invest billions of euros in Europe's biggest economy after years of restraint also leaves France in an unflattering light.
"The situation is improving everywhere except in France, which has become somewhat of an ugly duckling," said Oxford Economics economist Leo Barincou.
With perennially slow growth and huge debt, Italy had long been Europe's problem child for financial markets, but "now France is clearly becoming that country," he added.
MARKET SCRUTINY
France's bond market, the biggest in the euro zone, was once considered among the main safe alternatives for investors looking beyond Germany. But since a snap legislative election delivered a hung parliament last year, France has been left paying a higher risk premium on its debt..
France, which faces a credit rating decision from Fitch on Friday, now pays more for longer-term debt than Greece and Spain, countries at the heart of the bloc's 2011 debt crisis, and nearly the same as Italy.At the start of 2024, Italian 10-year borrowing costs had been more than a whole percentage point higher than France's.
Economist Mathieu Plane at the OFCE think-tank said the biggest risk was that France would have to durably pay a high risk premium amid political deadlock.
"Then few decisions will be made about the long-term, on innovation, education, everything that can make future growth," he said.
($1 = 0.8527 euros)
(Reporting by Leigh Thomas in Paris, Yoruk Bahceli in London, additional reporting by Gilles Guillaume; Writing by Leigh Thomas; Editing by Joe Bavier)
France's debt burden reached 3.3 trillion euros in June 2023, with debt payments expected to exceed 100 billion euros by 2029.
The new government must draft a less ambitious budget by October 7, 2023, following the rejection of Prime Minister Bayrou's plans for a significant budget squeeze.
Financial markets are increasingly skeptical about tax increases as a viable solution for reducing fiscal deficits, fearing it may hinder economic growth.
With slow growth and high debt, France is becoming a concern for financial markets, similar to Italy's past issues, as it struggles with political deadlock and public finance challenges.
While France's debt is lower than Greece's and Italy's in terms of GDP percentage, it faces higher borrowing costs and a lack of budget surplus, complicating its financial recovery.
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